Photo: Rene Beckmann (Public domain) — via Wikimedia Commons
African Butterfly Cichlid (Anomalochromis thomasi)
A jewel-coloured West African dwarf cichlid that pairs with confidence, defends its fry with flair, and tolerates soft community water better than any other cichlid its size.
Will it live with a African Butterfly Cichlid?
We compare each fish against your african butterfly cichlid on temperament, size, water parameters and swimming zone. Set your tank size and filter the results.
- Agassiz's Corydoras✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 6 cm · Easy care · 22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
- Compatible on the things that matter: shared water near 22–28 °C, workable temperaments, and no predator-and-prey size gap.
- Keep Agassiz's Corydoras in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Bearded Corydoras✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 10 cm · Medium care · 18–24 °C (64–75 °F)
- Semi-aggressive + Peaceful, but with no direct clash here, and their water overlaps around 22–24 °C — no size, zone or temperament conflicts.
- Keep Bearded Corydoras in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Black Kuhli Loach✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 8 cm · Easy care · 23–28 °C (73–82 °F)
- Compatible on the things that matter: shared water near 23–28 °C, workable temperaments, and no predator-and-prey size gap.
- Blood Red Tiger Pleco✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 6 cm · Medium care · 24–29 °C (75–84 °F)
- Semi-aggressive + Peaceful, but with no direct clash here, and their water overlaps around 24–28 °C — no size, zone or temperament conflicts.
- Bolivian Ram✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 8 cm · Medium care · 24–28 °C (75–82 °F)
- Compatible on the things that matter: shared water near 24–28 °C, workable temperaments, and no predator-and-prey size gap.
- Brilliant Rasbora✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 9 cm · Easy care · 22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
- Compatible on the things that matter: shared water near 22–28 °C, workable temperaments, and no predator-and-prey size gap.
- Both favour the middle of the tank — offer enough cover so they aren't always in each other's space.
- Keep Brilliant Rasbora in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Burmese Loach✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 9 cm · Easy care · 22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
- Semi-aggressive + Peaceful, but with no direct clash here; temperature, pH and hardness ranges all overlap and neither outsizes the other enough to be a threat.
- Butterfly Hillstream Loach✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 6 cm · Hard care · 18–24 °C (64–75 °F)
- Semi-aggressive + Peaceful, but with no direct clash here; temperature, pH and hardness ranges all overlap and neither outsizes the other enough to be a threat.
- Clown Pleco✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 9 cm · Medium care · 24–28 °C (75–82 °F)
- Compatible on the things that matter: shared water near 24–28 °C, workable temperaments, and no predator-and-prey size gap.
- Corydoras Catfish✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 6.5 cm · Easy care · 22–26 °C (72–79 °F)
- Semi-aggressive + Peaceful, but with no direct clash here; temperature, pH and hardness ranges all overlap and neither outsizes the other enough to be a threat.
- Keep Corydoras Catfish in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Dwarf Chain Loach✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 6 cm · Medium care · 24–29 °C (75–84 °F)
- Compatible on the things that matter: shared water near 24–28 °C, workable temperaments, and no predator-and-prey size gap.
- Keep Dwarf Chain Loach in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Elegant Cory✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 6 cm · Easy care · 22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
- Semi-aggressive + Peaceful, but with no direct clash here, and their water overlaps around 22–28 °C — no size, zone or temperament conflicts.
- Keep Elegant Cory in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Keyhole Cichlid✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 10 cm · Easy care · 22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
- Compatible on the things that matter: shared water near 22–28 °C, workable temperaments, and no predator-and-prey size gap.
- Both favour the middle of the tank — offer enough cover so they aren't always in each other's space.
- Kuhli Loach✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 10 cm · Easy care · 24–30 °C (75–86 °F)
- Compatible on the things that matter: shared water near 24–28 °C, workable temperaments, and no predator-and-prey size gap.
- Leopard Frog Pleco✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 9 cm · Medium care · 25–30 °C (77–86 °F)
- Compatible on the things that matter: shared water near 25–28 °C, workable temperaments, and no predator-and-prey size gap.
- Molly✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 10 cm · Easy care · 23–28 °C (73–82 °F)
- Compatible on the things that matter: shared water near 23–28 °C, workable temperaments, and no predator-and-prey size gap.
- Both favour the middle of the tank — offer enough cover so they aren't always in each other's space.
- Peppered Corydoras✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 7 cm · Easy care · 18–26 °C (64–79 °F)
- Semi-aggressive + Peaceful, but with no direct clash here; temperature, pH and hardness ranges all overlap and neither outsizes the other enough to be a threat.
- Keep Peppered Corydoras in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Porthole Catfish✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 10 cm · Easy care · 22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
- Compatible on the things that matter: shared water near 22–28 °C, workable temperaments, and no predator-and-prey size gap.
- Rio Negro Checkerboard Cichlid✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 7 cm · Hard care · 24–29 °C (75–84 °F)
- Semi-aggressive + Peaceful, but with no direct clash here, and their water overlaps around 24–28 °C — no size, zone or temperament conflicts.
- Spotfin Corydoras✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 6.5 cm · Easy care · 22–26 °C (72–79 °F)
- Semi-aggressive + Peaceful, but with no direct clash here; temperature, pH and hardness ranges all overlap and neither outsizes the other enough to be a threat.
- Keep Spotfin Corydoras in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Spotted Corydoras✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 7 cm · Easy care · 22–27 °C (72–81 °F)
- Semi-aggressive + Peaceful, but with no direct clash here, and their water overlaps around 22–27 °C — no size, zone or temperament conflicts.
- Keep Spotted Corydoras in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Sterbai Corydoras✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 6.5 cm · Medium care · 24–30 °C (75–86 °F)
- Semi-aggressive + Peaceful, but with no direct clash here, and their water overlaps around 24–28 °C — no size, zone or temperament conflicts.
- Keep Sterbai Corydoras in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Thick-lipped Gourami✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 9 cm · Easy care · 22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
- Semi-aggressive + Peaceful, but with no direct clash here; temperature, pH and hardness ranges all overlap and neither outsizes the other enough to be a threat.
- Both favour the middle of the tank — offer enough cover so they aren't always in each other's space.
- Zebra Pleco✅ CompatiblePeaceful · 10 cm · Hard care · 26–30 °C (79–86 °F)
- Compatible on the things that matter: shared water near 26–28 °C, workable temperaments, and no predator-and-prey size gap.
- Agassiz's Dwarf Cichlid⚠️ With cautionSemi-aggressive · 9 cm · Medium care · 24–30 °C (75–86 °F)
- African Butterfly Cichlid and Agassiz's Dwarf Cichlid can both be territorial; doable with space and dense planting, but watch for chasing.
- Amazon Puffer⚠️ With cautionPeaceful · 8 cm · Medium care · 23–28 °C (73–82 °F)
- African Butterfly Cichlid and Amazon Puffer are close in size, but the semi-aggressive one tends to dominate — add amazon puffer in a group to spread the pressure.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~120 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Keep Amazon Puffer in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Badis⚠️ With cautionSemi-aggressive · 8 cm · Medium care · 22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
- Both are a bit pushy (semi-aggressive + semi-aggressive) — workable only in a larger tank with cover and broken sight lines.
- Bamboo Shrimp⚠️ With cautionPeaceful · 8 cm · Medium care · 22–27 °C (72–81 °F)
- African Butterfly Cichlid and Bamboo Shrimp are close in size, but the semi-aggressive one tends to dominate — add bamboo shrimp in a group to spread the pressure.
- African Butterfly Cichlid may eat Bamboo Shrimp or pick off its shrimplets — a densely planted tank with moss gives them a fighting chance.
- Bandit Cichlid⚠️ With cautionSemi-aggressive · 9 cm · Medium care · 22–26 °C (72–79 °F)
- Both are a bit pushy (semi-aggressive + semi-aggressive) — workable only in a larger tank with cover and broken sight lines.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~150 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Keep Bandit Cichlid in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Brichardi Cichlid⚠️ With cautionSemi-aggressive · 9 cm · Medium care · 24–28 °C (75–82 °F)
- Different pH ranges (6–7.5 vs 7.8–9); doable if you sit in the shared band, but not ideal long-term.
- Both are a bit pushy (semi-aggressive + semi-aggressive) — workable only in a larger tank with cover and broken sight lines.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~120 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Cockatoo Dwarf Cichlid⚠️ With cautionSemi-aggressive · 8 cm · Medium care · 24–28 °C (75–82 °F)
- Both are a bit pushy (semi-aggressive + semi-aggressive) — workable only in a larger tank with cover and broken sight lines.
- Congo Tetra⚠️ With cautionPeaceful · 8 cm · Medium care · 22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
- Expect African Butterfly Cichlid to harass Congo Tetra at times; give dense cover and watch them at feeding.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~120 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Keep Congo Tetra in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Dwarf Gourami⚠️ With cautionSemi-aggressive · 8 cm · Medium care · 24–28 °C (75–82 °F)
- Both are a bit pushy (semi-aggressive + semi-aggressive) — workable only in a larger tank with cover and broken sight lines.
- Glass Catfish⚠️ With cautionPeaceful · 8 cm · Medium care · 23–28 °C (73–82 °F)
- African Butterfly Cichlid and Glass Catfish are close in size, but the semi-aggressive one tends to dominate — add glass catfish in a group to spread the pressure.
- Keep Glass Catfish in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Gold Barb⚠️ With cautionPeaceful · 7.5 cm · Easy care · 18–26 °C (64–79 °F)
- Expect African Butterfly Cichlid to harass Gold Barb at times; give dense cover and watch them at feeding.
- Keep Gold Barb in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Goldeneye Dwarf Cichlid⚠️ With cautionSemi-aggressive · 8 cm · Easy care · 24–28 °C (75–82 °F)
- African Butterfly Cichlid and Goldeneye Dwarf Cichlid can both be territorial; doable with space and dense planting, but watch for chasing.
- Mexican Tetra⚠️ With cautionSemi-aggressive · 9 cm · Easy care · 18–25 °C (64–77 °F)
- African Butterfly Cichlid and Mexican Tetra can both be territorial; doable with space and dense planting, but watch for chasing.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~110 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Keep Mexican Tetra in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Pantanal Corydoras⚠️ With cautionPeaceful · 8 cm · Medium care · 22–27 °C (72–81 °F)
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~110 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Keep Pantanal Corydoras in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Scissortail Rasbora⚠️ With cautionPeaceful · 8 cm · Easy care · 22–27 °C (72–81 °F)
- African Butterfly Cichlid is semi-aggressive and may chase or nip the smaller Scissortail Rasbora — plant heavily and break up sight lines.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~90 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Keep Scissortail Rasbora in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Splashing Tetra⚠️ With cautionPeaceful · 8 cm · Medium care · 22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
- African Butterfly Cichlid is semi-aggressive and may chase or nip the smaller Splashing Tetra — plant heavily and break up sight lines.
- Keep Splashing Tetra in a shoal of 6+ or it gets stressed and nippy.
- Alligator Gar⛔ Not recommendedAggressive · 250 cm · Hard care · 24–28 °C (75–82 °F)
- Two assertive fish, one genuinely aggressive: African Butterfly Cichlid and Alligator Gar will hold territory and clash.
- Size gap is too large (250 vs 8 cm): Alligator Gar will treat African Butterfly Cichlid as food.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~3785 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Clown Knifefish⛔ Not recommendedAggressive · 90 cm · Hard care · 24–28 °C (75–82 °F)
- African Butterfly Cichlid and Clown Knifefish are both territorial and at least one is outright aggressive — expect serious fighting.
- Clown Knifefish (90 cm) is big enough to swallow the 8 cm African Butterfly Cichlid whole.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~750 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Fire Eel⛔ Not recommendedSemi-aggressive · 100 cm · Medium care · 24–28 °C (75–82 °F)
- Size gap is too large (100 vs 8 cm): Fire Eel will treat African Butterfly Cichlid as food.
- Both are a bit pushy (semi-aggressive + semi-aggressive) — workable only in a larger tank with cover and broken sight lines.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~380 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Koi⛔ Not recommendedPeaceful · 90 cm · Medium care · 4–28 °C (39–82 °F)
- Size gap is too large (90 vs 8 cm): Koi will treat African Butterfly Cichlid as food.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~3800 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Redtail Catfish⛔ Not recommendedAggressive · 120 cm · Hard care · 24–27 °C (75–81 °F)
- Two assertive fish, one genuinely aggressive: African Butterfly Cichlid and Redtail Catfish will hold territory and clash.
- Size gap is too large (120 vs 8 cm): Redtail Catfish will treat African Butterfly Cichlid as food.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~5700 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Spotted Gar⛔ Not recommendedAggressive · 90 cm · Hard care · 18–26 °C (64–79 °F)
- Two assertive fish, one genuinely aggressive: African Butterfly Cichlid and Spotted Gar will hold territory and clash.
- Size gap is too large (90 vs 8 cm): Spotted Gar will treat African Butterfly Cichlid as food.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~600 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Wels Catfish⛔ Not recommendedAggressive · 300 cm · Hard care · 15–25 °C (59–77 °F)
- Two assertive fish, one genuinely aggressive: African Butterfly Cichlid and Wels Catfish will hold territory and clash.
- Wels Catfish (300 cm) is big enough to swallow the 8 cm African Butterfly Cichlid whole.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~20000 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
- Wolf Cichlid⛔ Not recommendedAggressive · 72 cm · Hard care · 24–30 °C (75–86 °F)
- African Butterfly Cichlid and Wolf Cichlid are both territorial and at least one is outright aggressive — expect serious fighting.
- African Butterfly Cichlid is bite-sized to a 72 cm predatory wolf cichlid — it will be eaten.
- Your 80 L tank is below the ~760 L this pairing really wants — crowding raises aggression.
Compatibility is computed from each species' care data — a strong starting point, not a guarantee. Individual temperament varies, so always introduce new fish slowly and watch them.
African Butterfly Cichlid care specs
- Care level
- Medium
- Breeding
- Easy
- Max size
- 8 cm (3.1 in)
- Min tank size
- 80 L (21.1 gal)
- Temperature
- 22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
- pH
- 6–7.5
- Hardness
- 2–12 dGH
- Lifespan
- 4–6 years
- Diet
- Omnivore
- Swim level
- Middle
- Group size
- 2+ (shoaling)
- Family
- Cichlidae
- Origin
- West Africa — Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia river systems
What is an African Butterfly Cichlid?
The African butterfly cichlid (Anomalochromis thomasi), also sold as Thomas’s dwarf cichlid, is a compact cichlid native to the forest rivers of West Africa. Adults top out at around 8 cm (3 in) — genuinely small by family standards — and one of the few cichlids that slot naturally into a soft-water community aquarium. The base colour is olive-green, but the flanks carry iridescent blue-green spangles, red-orange spots and, during breeding, a vivid yellow belly flush.
What sets this species apart is its biparental care: both male and female guard the spawn and herd fry together, giving the keeper an engaging window into cichlid social behaviour without needing a dedicated species tank. Care is rated medium — straightforward to feed and breed, but requiring stable soft-water chemistry and enough space to hold a territory.
Where does the African Butterfly Cichlid come from?
Anomalochromis thomasi is native to river systems across Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia in West Africa. Its habitat is slow-to-moderate rainforest streams and tributaries: soft, humic water tinted amber by leaf litter, with a sandy substrate, low light filtered by the forest canopy, and dense bankside vegetation. These conditions explain the species’ preferences in captivity — subdued lighting, fine substrate to probe, gentle flow and soft, slightly acidic water. Captive-bred stock is more adaptable than wild fish, but the further conditions stray from this baseline, the poorer the colour, behaviour and breeding response.
What tank size and setup does the African Butterfly Cichlid need?
The minimum is 80 litres (21 gallons) for a pair; 120 L (32 gal) is noticeably better, giving the pair space to hold a territory without monopolising the tank and leaving room for dither fish. Opt for a longer, lower footprint over a tall, narrow tank — this is a mid-water species that uses horizontal space.
Use fine sand or small dark gravel and provide at least one cave (coconut shell, terracotta pot) as a spawning site and retreat, plus flat smooth stones as alternative spawn surfaces. Dense planting with Java fern, Anubias, Vallisneria and floating plants diffuses light, breaks sightlines and gives fry cover. Keep the current gentle; temperature 22–28 °C (72–82 °F), stable mid-range around 24–26 °C (75–79 °F) for general community keeping.
What water parameters does the African Butterfly Cichlid need?
- Temperature: 22–28 °C (72–82 °F)
- pH: 6.0–7.5 — neutral to slightly acidic; avoid the alkaline end
- Hardness: 2–12 dGH — soft to moderately soft
Unlike Rift Lake cichlids, Anomalochromis thomasi is not adapted to hard, mineral-rich water; hardness above 15 dGH or pH above 7.8 will dull colour, suppress breeding and cause gradual decline. Captive-bred fish handle the neutral upper end (pH 7.2–7.5) comfortably, which is why they coexist well with tetras and rasboras. Weekly water changes of 20–30 % and a mature filter keep conditions stable.
What do African Butterfly Cichlids eat?
The African butterfly cichlid is an omnivore feeding at mid-water. A staple of quality cichlid micro-pellets or small granules forms the backbone of the diet, supplemented with:
- Frozen or live bloodworms and tubifex — protein that intensifies colour
- Daphnia and brine shrimp as lighter protein options
- Small amounts of blanched vegetables (spinach, cucumber) for plant matter
Feed once or twice daily, removing uneaten food promptly. To condition a pair for breeding, increase live and frozen protein feeds for one to two weeks; colour intensifies and spawning typically follows.
What is the behaviour and temperament of the African Butterfly Cichlid?
Rated semi-aggressive, this species is mild by cichlid standards. Outside of breeding it tolerates fish it cannot swallow, occupies the middle zone, and quickly learns to associate the keeper’s approach with feeding. The main caveat is spawning: once a pair claims a site, they vigorously defend a territory around it, driving away intruders. In a well-planted, adequately sized tank the aggression is directed and predictable; in a bare or undersized tank it can become relentless. A group of active dither fish — small tetras, rasboras or danios — reduces overall anxiety and distributes the pair’s defensive attention.
Avoid Rift Lake cichlids (wrong water chemistry, typically more aggressive). The species pairs well with other West African soft-water fish and most peaceful community species. For a filterable compatibility list, see African Butterfly Cichlid tank mates.
How do you tell male and female African Butterfly Cichlids apart?
Sexing is straightforward in adults. Males are slightly larger and carry more intense, sustained iridescent colouration across the flanks and dorsal. Females are the easier sex to confirm at breeding readiness: they develop a conspicuous pink or red belly patch when gravid, absent or very faint at other times and entirely absent in males.
Juveniles are harder to sex reliably. Buying a group of five to six young fish and allowing natural pairing is the most dependable approach; a bonded pair becomes apparent as the fish mature and begin associating closely near potential spawning sites.
How do African Butterfly Cichlids breed?
Breeding is rated easy and often happens spontaneously in a well-maintained tank. A conditioned pair cleans a flat stone, cave interior or other smooth surface and deposits a clutch of pale amber eggs in neat rows. Both parents fan and guard the eggs, removing any that go unfertilised.
Eggs hatch in roughly 48–72 hours; fry become free-swimming around five to seven days later. Both parents continue herding and defending the fry — one of the most engaging behaviours the species offers. First foods are baby brine shrimp nauplii or fine commercial fry powder, transitioning to crushed micro-pellets within two to three weeks. If the guarding pair becomes overly aggressive toward other tank residents during early fry stages, temporarily relocating the community fish is an easy solution.
What diseases affect the African Butterfly Cichlid?
The species is not unusually disease-prone, but as a tropical cichlid it is susceptible to common freshwater pathogens when water quality slips:
- White spot (ich): Pinhead white spots across the body and fins, typically triggered by a sudden temperature drop or stress. Prevention is stable temperature and careful acclimation of new fish.
- Fin rot: Ragged or receding fin edges from opportunistic bacteria in degraded water. Address with more frequent water changes, lower nitrates and removal of decaying organic matter.
- Hole-in-the-head (HITH): Pits or erosions on the head and lateral line linked to chronic poor water quality and nutritional deficiency. Prevention is consistent clean water and a varied diet.
- Internal parasites: More a concern with wild-caught stock; captive-bred fish rarely carry them. Quarantine all new fish for two to four weeks before adding them to the display tank.
Health note: disease identification and treatment dosing are beyond the scope of a care profile. For a sick fish, confirm symptoms against a veterinary or specialist fish-health source before medicating. Address water quality first — most cichlid ailments are water-quality problems in disguise.
How long does the African Butterfly Cichlid live?
A well-kept African butterfly cichlid lives 4–6 years. The range is typical for a small cichlid of its size. Factors that push toward the longer end of that range are consistent soft-water chemistry, a varied and protein-rich diet, a tank large enough to allow natural behaviour, and the reduced stress that comes from compatible tank mates and good cover. Fish sold as adults may already be one to two years old, so buying juveniles and raising them through their full lifespan rewards patience with several years of the species at its most active and colourful.
Frequently asked questions
Is the African butterfly cichlid safe in a community tank?
Yes, for a cichlid it is unusually tolerant — it rarely bothers fish too large to eat. The main caveat is breeding season, when the pair vigorously defends a small territory around the spawn site. Giving them a cave or flat stone and plenty of plants to break sightlines keeps aggression contained and predictable.
Does it need soft, acidic water like discus?
It prefers soft, slightly acidic to neutral water (pH 6.0–7.5, 2–12 dGH) matching its West African rainforest-river origin, but captive-bred stock is adaptable. Avoid hard, alkaline conditions; it will not thrive in the water chemistry that suits livebearers or African Rift Lake cichlids.
What you need to keep a african butterfly cichlid
The baseline is a heated, filtered 80 L+ tank: a reliable heater to hold 22–28 °C (72–82 °F), a gentle filter that won't batter a african butterfly cichlid in the current, and a tight-fitting lid. Cycle the tank fully before adding any fish.
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